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In modern fantasy, dragons are usually defined by their color.
here are many different types of dragons. From cruel and vile to cunning and majestic, dragons have inspired, or terrorized, many throughout history. All are a force to be reckoned with. Two of the main kinds of dragons in modern fantasy are metallic dragons, which are good, and chromatic dragons, which are evil. This article will describe different kinds of chromatic dragons—black dragons, red dragons, blue dragons, green dragons, and white dragons. You may also be interested in wyverns, which are dragon-like creatures, and our complete list of dragon species.
Black Dragons
Black dragons are vile, evil tempered, and obsessed with death. They live in fetid, swampy habitats. They find comfort in the sickening-sweet aroma of drowned, rotting carcasses. The black dragon's domain is the swamp and the jungle. They are abusive, quick to anger, and malevolent. Their hearts are as black as their slimy scales.
A black dragon can be identified by his grim, skeletal appearance. His eyes lie in deep sockets. His two great horns curve forward and down. The flesh of his face appears to have partially deteriorated, as if burnt by acid. Acidic slime drools from his menacing grin. He smells of rotting vegetation, foul water, and poisonous acid.
Living in sticky, wet habitats, black dragons dine mostly on fish, eels, and other water creatures. They will eat meat, but prefer to allow their victims float in ponds for days, or even weeks, before being eaten.
If you ever encounter a black dragon, be careful—he prefers surprise attacks instead of fair fighting. He is most active in the darkest hour of night, wherein the darkness he feels confident and powerful. He breathes a poisonous, sizzling acid.
Red Dragons
Red dragons are greedy and covetous, and obsessed with increasing their treasure hoards. They live in warm habitats, such as volcanoes or tropical islands. The red dragon's domain is is the mountain and the island. They are vain, cunning, and terrible.
A red dragon can be identified by is long wings and two long horns. He has a long, red, forked tongue. Tiny flames often dance in his nostrils when he is angry. His eyes gleam with unrestrained greed when he has seen treasure. He smells of smoke and sulfur.
Red dragons are fiercely territorial. They prefer to eat meat, especially people. Red dragons have been known to force villages to sacrifice maidens to them. (This is a matter of taste. As you would have it, apparently maidens 'just taste better.') The best part of a meal for a red dragon is drinking the blood.
Red dragons breathe a deadly fire.
Blue Dragons
Blue dragons are pensive, lawful, and vain. They live in hot, dry areas, such as sandy deserts or arid steppes.
A blue dragon can be identified by his frilled ears and a single horn upon his head. His eyes are smooth, glossy, and without pupils-when looking at them, you may feel as though you are looking into eternity. The dry scent of ozone and sand follows a blue dragon wherever he goes.
He loves to soar in the hot desert air. He is a dedicated carnivour who will eat snakes, lizards, and occasionally even desert plants, but truly prefers herd animals such as camels. Blue dragons are a real threat to caravans crossing the desert. He prefers to attack people in ambush. Surprise and distance is his greatest ally. They enjoy sitting and reflecting. He is blue-blooded (that is to say, cold, effete, or noble.) He is lawful and has some sense of morals.
He is good at tracking.
The blue dragon is large and vibrant.
Blue dragons breathe lightning, that is, a lightning bolt.
Green Dragons
The green dragon is a belligerent creature and master of intrigue, politics, and backbiting. He is cruel. He prefers forests—the older and bigger the trees, the better. Instead of being overtly aggressive, he prefers to concoct elaborat schemes to gain power or wealth with as little effort as possible. He may make his lair behind a waterfall or near a lake, pond, or stream that provides a submerged entrance. The closer one gets to his lair, the darker the woods become. Evil hangs in the air, mingling with the forest scents to produce foul odors.
The green dragon's head is covered in hornlets. He has a long neck and legs, and resembles a brontosaurus.
The green dragon reaks of chlorine.
The green dragon is a liar and master of verbal evasion. Just talking to a green dragon can lead to ruin. When attacking, he will usually stalk his prey first, sometimes for days. The green dragon has a palette for elf flesh. He loves to play with his prey. He will subside on practically anything, including shrubs and small trees. He uses camoflauge to his advantage. He is obsessed with life and growth, and wants to live eternally. He is envious.
He is good at tracking.
The green dragon likes to instill terror in lesser opponents before torturing them to death.
Green dragons breathe poisonous gas, that is, a toxic chlorine gas.
White Dragons
White dragons are small and intelligent. They live in frigid, icy climates — usually arctic areas, but sometimes very high mountains. They travel alone, and have very good memories. They prefer the solitude of snowy plains and caves, far away from the warming rays of the sun.
A white dragon can be identified by his sharp, intelligent-looking eyes and intense expression. His scales resemble fur, or even feathers, in places. His wide feet and sharp claws help him to walk atop snowbanks. An aura of coldness seems to eminate from the white dragon.
Living in frosty climes, white dragons prefer their food to be suitably chilled. If their victims have not frozen to death already, white dragons will often pack them away in the snow until they are properly frozen.
If you ever encounter a white dragon, be on your guard— he is swift and alert. Your best bet is to scare or intimidate him, as white dragons are sometimes known to be cowardly. He breathes a chilling frost.
Although Python provides a mail sending interface via the smtplib
module, Django provides a couple of light wrappers over it. These wrappers areprovided to make sending email extra quick, to help test email sending duringdevelopment, and to provide support for platforms that can’t use SMTP.
The code lives in the django.core.mail
module.
Quick example¶
In two lines:
Mail is sent using the SMTP host and port specified in theEMAIL_HOST
and EMAIL_PORT
settings. TheEMAIL_HOST_USER
and EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD
settings, ifset, are used to authenticate to the SMTP server, and theEMAIL_USE_TLS
and EMAIL_USE_SSL
settings control whethera secure connection is used.
Note
The character set of email sent with django.core.mail
will be set tothe value of your DEFAULT_CHARSET
setting.
send_mail()
¶
send_mail
(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None, connection=None, html_message=None)¶
In most cases, you can send email using django.core.mail.send_mail()
.
The subject
, message
, from_email
and recipient_list
parametersare required.
subject
: A string.message
: A string.from_email
: A string. IfNone
, Django will use the value of theDEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL
setting.recipient_list
: A list of strings, each an email address. Eachmember ofrecipient_list
will see the other recipients in the “To:”field of the email message.fail_silently
: A boolean. When it’sFalse
,send_mail()
will raiseansmtplib.SMTPException
if an error occurs. See thesmtplib
docs for a list of possible exceptions, all of which are subclasses ofSMTPException
.auth_user
: The optional username to use to authenticate to the SMTPserver. If this isn’t provided, Django will use the value of theEMAIL_HOST_USER
setting.auth_password
: The optional password to use to authenticate to theSMTP server. If this isn’t provided, Django will use the value of theEMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD
setting.connection
: The optional email backend to use to send the mail.If unspecified, an instance of the default backend will be used.See the documentation on Email backendsfor more details.html_message
: Ifhtml_message
is provided, the resulting email will be amultipart/alternative email withmessage
as thetext/plain content type andhtml_message
as thetext/html content type.
The return value will be the number of successfully delivered messages (whichcan be 0
or 1
since it can only send one message).
send_mass_mail()
¶
send_mass_mail
(datatuple, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None, connection=None)¶
django.core.mail.send_mass_mail()
is intended to handle mass emailing.
datatuple
is a tuple in which each element is in this format:
fail_silently
, auth_user
and auth_password
have the same functionsas in send_mail()
.
Each separate element of datatuple
results in a separate email message.As in send_mail()
, recipients in the samerecipient_list
will all see the other addresses in the email messages’“To:” field.
For example, the following code would send two different messages totwo different sets of recipients; however, only one connection to themail server would be opened:
The return value will be the number of successfully delivered messages.
send_mass_mail()
vs. send_mail()
¶
The main difference between send_mass_mail()
andsend_mail()
is thatsend_mail()
opens a connection to the mail servereach time it’s executed, while send_mass_mail()
usesa single connection for all of its messages. This makessend_mass_mail()
slightly more efficient.
mail_admins()
¶
mail_admins
(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None)¶
django.core.mail.mail_admins()
is a shortcut for sending an email to thesite admins, as defined in the ADMINS
setting.
mail_admins()
prefixes the subject with the value of theEMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX
setting, which is '[Django]'
by default.
The “From:” header of the email will be the value of theSERVER_EMAIL
setting.
This method exists for convenience and readability.
If html_message
is provided, the resulting email will be amultipart/alternative email with message
as thetext/plain content type and html_message
as thetext/html content type.
mail_managers()
¶
mail_managers
(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None)¶
django.core.mail.mail_managers()
is just like mail_admins()
, except itsends an email to the site managers, as defined in the MANAGERS
setting.
Examples¶
This sends a single email to john@example.com and jane@example.com, with themboth appearing in the “To:”:
This sends a message to john@example.com and jane@example.com, with them bothreceiving a separate email:
Preventing header injection¶
Header injection is a security exploit in which an attacker inserts extraemail headers to control the “To:” and “From:” in email messages that yourscripts generate.
The Django email functions outlined above all protect against header injectionby forbidding newlines in header values. If any subject
, from_email
orrecipient_list
contains a newline (in either Unix, Windows or Mac style),the email function (e.g. send_mail()
) will raisedjango.core.mail.BadHeaderError
(a subclass of ValueError
) and, hence,will not send the email. It’s your responsibility to validate all data beforepassing it to the email functions.
If a message
contains headers at the start of the string, the headers willbe printed as the first bit of the email message.
Here’s an example view that takes a subject
, message
and from_email
from the request’s POST data, sends that to admin@example.com and redirects to“/contact/thanks/” when it’s done:
The EmailMessage
class¶
Django’s send_mail()
andsend_mass_mail()
functions are actually thinwrappers that make use of the EmailMessage
class.
Not all features of the EmailMessage
class areavailable through the send_mail()
and relatedwrapper functions. If you wish to use advanced features, such as BCC’edrecipients, file attachments, or multi-part email, you’ll need to createEmailMessage
instances directly.
Note
This is a design feature. send_mail()
andrelated functions were originally the only interface Django provided.However, the list of parameters they accepted was slowly growing overtime. It made sense to move to a more object-oriented design for emailmessages and retain the original functions only for backwardscompatibility.
EmailMessage
is responsible for creating the emailmessage itself. The email backend is thenresponsible for sending the email.
For convenience, EmailMessage
provides a send()
method for sending a single email. If you need to send multiple messages, theemail backend API provides an alternative.
EmailMessage
Objects¶
- class
EmailMessage
¶
The EmailMessage
class is initialized with thefollowing parameters (in the given order, if positional arguments are used).All parameters are optional and can be set at any time prior to calling thesend()
method.
subject
: The subject line of the email.body
: The body text. This should be a plain text message.from_email
: The sender’s address. Bothfred@example.com
and'Fred'<fred@example.com>
forms are legal. If omitted, theDEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL
setting is used.to
: A list or tuple of recipient addresses.bcc
: A list or tuple of addresses used in the “Bcc” header whensending the email.connection
: An email backend instance. Use this parameter ifyou want to use the same connection for multiple messages. If omitted, anew connection is created whensend()
is called.attachments
: A list of attachments to put on the message. These canbe eitherMIMEBase
instances, or(filename,content,mimetype)
triples.headers
: A dictionary of extra headers to put on the message. Thekeys are the header name, values are the header values. It’s up to thecaller to ensure header names and values are in the correct format foran email message. The corresponding attribute isextra_headers
.cc
: A list or tuple of recipient addresses used in the “Cc” headerwhen sending the email.reply_to
: A list or tuple of recipient addresses used in the “Reply-To”header when sending the email.
Dragon Email Designer 3d
For example:
The class has the following methods:
send(fail_silently=False)
sends the message. If a connection wasspecified when the email was constructed, that connection will be used.Otherwise, an instance of the default backend will be instantiated andused. If the keyword argumentfail_silently
isTrue
, exceptionsraised while sending the message will be quashed. An empty list ofrecipients will not raise an exception. It will return1
if the messagewas sent successfully, otherwise0
.message()
constructs adjango.core.mail.SafeMIMEText
object (asubclass of Python’sMIMEText
class) or adjango.core.mail.SafeMIMEMultipart
object holding the message to besent. If you ever need to extend theEmailMessage
class, you’ll probably want tooverride this method to put the content you want into the MIME object.recipients()
returns a list of all the recipients of the message,whether they’re recorded in theto
,cc
orbcc
attributes. Thisis another method you might need to override when subclassing, because theSMTP server needs to be told the full list of recipients when the messageis sent. If you add another way to specify recipients in your class, theyneed to be returned from this method as well.attach()
creates a new file attachment and adds it to the message.There are two ways to callattach()
:You can pass it a single argument that is a
MIMEBase
instance. This will be inserted directlyinto the resulting message.Alternatively, you can pass
attach()
three arguments:filename
,content
andmimetype
.filename
is the nameof the file attachment as it will appear in the email,content
isthe data that will be contained inside the attachment andmimetype
is the optional MIME type for the attachment. If youomitmimetype
, the MIME content type will be guessed from thefilename of the attachment.For example:
If you specify a
mimetype
of message/rfc822, it will alsoacceptdjango.core.mail.EmailMessage
andemail.message.Message
.For a
mimetype
starting with text/, content is expected tobe a string. Binary data will be decoded using UTF-8, and if that fails,the MIME type will be changed to application/octet-stream andthe data will be attached unchanged.In addition, message/rfc822 attachments will no longer bebase64-encoded in violation of RFC 2046#section-5.2.1, which can causeissues with displaying the attachments in Evolution and Thunderbird.
attach_file()
creates a new attachment using a file from yourfilesystem. Call it with the path of the file to attach and, optionally,the MIME type to use for the attachment. If the MIME type is omitted, itwill be guessed from the filename. You can use it like this:For MIME types starting with text/, binary data is handled as in
attach()
.
Sending alternative content types¶
It can be useful to include multiple versions of the content in an email; theclassic example is to send both text and HTML versions of a message. WithDjango’s email library, you can do this using the EmailMultiAlternatives
class. This subclass of EmailMessage
has anattach_alternative()
method for including extra versions of the messagebody in the email. All the other methods (including the class initialization)are inherited directly from EmailMessage
.
To send a text and HTML combination, you could write:
By default, the MIME type of the body
parameter in anEmailMessage
is 'text/plain'
. It is goodpractice to leave this alone, because it guarantees that any recipient will beable to read the email, regardless of their mail client. However, if you areconfident that your recipients can handle an alternative content type, you canuse the content_subtype
attribute on theEmailMessage
class to change the main content type.The major type will always be 'text'
, but you can change thesubtype. For example:
Email backends¶
The actual sending of an email is handled by the email backend.
The email backend class has the following methods:
open()
instantiates a long-lived email-sending connection.close()
closes the current email-sending connection.send_messages(email_messages)
sends a list ofEmailMessage
objects. If the connection isnot open, this call will implicitly open the connection, and close theconnection afterwards. If the connection is already open, it will beleft open after mail has been sent.
It can also be used as a context manager, which will automatically callopen()
and close()
as needed:
Obtaining an instance of an email backend¶
The get_connection()
function in django.core.mail
returns aninstance of the email backend that you can use.
get_connection
(backend=None, fail_silently=False, *args, **kwargs)¶
By default, a call to get_connection()
will return an instance of theemail backend specified in EMAIL_BACKEND
. If you specify thebackend
argument, an instance of that backend will be instantiated.
The fail_silently
argument controls how the backend should handle errors.If fail_silently
is True, exceptions during the email sending processwill be silently ignored.
All other arguments are passed directly to the constructor of theemail backend.
Django ships with several email sending backends. With the exception of theSMTP backend (which is the default), these backends are only useful duringtesting and development. If you have special email sending requirements, youcan write your own email backend.
SMTP backend¶
backends.smtp.
EmailBackend
(host=None, port=None, username=None, password=None, use_tls=None, fail_silently=False, use_ssl=None, timeout=None, ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None, **kwargs)¶This is the default backend. Email will be sent through a SMTP server.
The value for each argument is retrieved from the matching setting if theargument is None
:
host
:EMAIL_HOST
port
:EMAIL_PORT
username
:EMAIL_HOST_USER
password
:EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD
use_tls
:EMAIL_USE_TLS
use_ssl
:EMAIL_USE_SSL
timeout
:EMAIL_TIMEOUT
ssl_keyfile
:EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE
ssl_certfile
:EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE
The SMTP backend is the default configuration inherited by Django. If youwant to specify it explicitly, put the following in your settings:
If unspecified, the default timeout
will be the one provided bysocket.getdefaulttimeout()
, which defaults to None
(no timeout).
Console backend¶
Instead of sending out real emails the console backend just writes theemails that would be sent to the standard output. By default, the consolebackend writes to stdout
. You can use a different stream-like object byproviding the stream
keyword argument when constructing the connection.
To specify this backend, put the following in your settings:
This backend is not intended for use in production – it is provided as aconvenience that can be used during development.
File backend¶
The file backend writes emails to a file. A new file is created for each newsession that is opened on this backend. The directory to which the files arewritten is either taken from the EMAIL_FILE_PATH
setting or fromthe file_path
keyword when creating a connection withget_connection()
.
To specify this backend, put the following in your settings:
This backend is not intended for use in production – it is provided as aconvenience that can be used during development.
Changed in Django 3.1:Support for pathlib.Path
was added.
In-memory backend¶
The 'locmem'
backend stores messages in a special attribute of thedjango.core.mail
module. The outbox
attribute is created when thefirst message is sent. It’s a list with anEmailMessage
instance for each message that wouldbe sent.
To specify this backend, put the following in your settings:
This backend is not intended for use in production – it is provided as aconvenience that can be used during development and testing.
Django’s test runner automatically uses this backend for testing.
Dummy backend¶
As the name suggests the dummy backend does nothing with your messages. Tospecify this backend, put the following in your settings:
This backend is not intended for use in production – it is provided as aconvenience that can be used during development.
Defining a custom email backend¶
If you need to change how emails are sent you can write your own emailbackend. The EMAIL_BACKEND
setting in your settings file is thenthe Python import path for your backend class.
Custom email backends should subclass BaseEmailBackend
that is located inthe django.core.mail.backends.base
module. A custom email backend mustimplement the send_messages(email_messages)
method. This method receives alist of EmailMessage
instances and returns thenumber of successfully delivered messages. If your backend has any concept ofa persistent session or connection, you should also implement the open()
and close()
methods. Refer to smtp.EmailBackend
for a referenceimplementation.
Sending multiple emails¶
Establishing and closing an SMTP connection (or any other network connection,for that matter) is an expensive process. If you have a lot of emails to send,it makes sense to reuse an SMTP connection, rather than creating anddestroying a connection every time you want to send an email.
There are two ways you tell an email backend to reuse a connection.
Firstly, you can use the send_messages()
method. send_messages()
takesa list of EmailMessage
instances (or subclasses),and sends them all using a single connection.
For example, if you have a function called get_notification_email()
thatreturns a list of EmailMessage
objects representingsome periodic email you wish to send out, you could send these emails usinga single call to send_messages:
In this example, the call to send_messages()
opens a connection on thebackend, sends the list of messages, and then closes the connection again.
The second approach is to use the open()
and close()
methods on theemail backend to manually control the connection. send_messages()
will notmanually open or close the connection if it is already open, so if youmanually open the connection, you can control when it is closed. For example:
Configuring email for development¶
There are times when you do not want Django to send emails atall. For example, while developing a website, you probably don’t wantto send out thousands of emails – but you may want to validate thatemails will be sent to the right people under the right conditions,and that those emails will contain the correct content.
The easiest way to configure email for local development is to use theconsole email backend. This backendredirects all email to stdout, allowing you to inspect the content of mail.
The file email backend can also be usefulduring development – this backend dumps the contents of every SMTP connectionto a file that can be inspected at your leisure.
Another approach is to use a “dumb” SMTP server that receives the emailslocally and displays them to the terminal, but does not actually sendanything. Python has a built-in way to accomplish this with a single command:
This command will start a minimal SMTP server listening on port 1025 oflocalhost. This server prints to standard output all email headers and theemail body. You then only need to set the EMAIL_HOST
andEMAIL_PORT
accordingly. For a more detailed discussion of SMTPserver options, see the Python documentation for the smtpd
module.
Dragon Email Designer 3 Free
For information about unit-testing the sending of emails in your application,see the Email services section of the testing documentation.